USED “I” AND “YOU”IN KOREAN

Alright. So. Grammar is not exactly my strong suit. If it was, I wouldn’t have created this tumblr to begin with. But I can help with the whole forms of “I” and “You” issue.
So ghadahme gave a couple different characters for us to use: 나, 너, 내가, 네가, 저, and 당신. I’m going to go through these and write what in my experience I’ve used them for.

• 나 - 나 is the most basic and common form of the word “I”. Pretty much anytime you want to translate something from English to Korean, you use 나. However, it is only when that has something only pertains to you. Just off the top of my head, thinking of examples, it’s usually used about your characteristics, like age, ethnicity, occupation, et cetera. It’s a little complicated, but if you’re stumped on what to use, this is the default.

• 너 - 너 is the most basic form of “you”. Grammatically, it’s used under the same circumstances as 나.
There is something that I should note here though and it may explain some of the confusion that you’ve been having with “I” and “you”. The subject is typically dropped in Korean. I believe this is called a Null Subject Language. (Anybody here who studies linguistics, please let me know if I’ve got that right.) I’ve seen this mostly used in the cases of 나 and 너. This means while you can say 나 and 너 as the subject or topic of your sentence, good grammar dictates that if it’s obvious you’re talking about “I” or “you”, you drop them.

• 우리 - This one was not on ghadahme’s list, but is very important. The direct translation for 우리 is “our” but it is not used exclusively in that sense. For example, saying 우리 집 could either mean “our house” or “my house”. If I was talking to say my mom and said this, it would mean “our house”. If I was inviting you over, I would say this to mean “my house”. This is also applicable to people. Say I had an older brother. You’re about my age. I would say “우리 형” which would be my older brother.

• 내 - 내, not to be confused with 네 (which means “yes”, by the way), means “my”. So “My name is Alex” would start out with “내 이름은” which means “My name is”. Now, I have mentioned in a past lesson that they sound very similar, but they’re not. They actually are pronounced differently. 내 is pronounced with the top of the throat towards the front while 네 is pronounced at the bottom of the throat towards the back. Also, 가 is part of a past lesson found here.

• 저 - 저 is really just the honorific form of 나. So anytime you use a more honorific form of speech, this becomes your default for “I”. The same rules apply grammatically for this as to 나. Actually, now that I think about it, it can also be used as “my”. So basically, 저 is used when dealing with honorifics.

• 당신 - Google Translate’s usage of this particular form of “you” always annoyed me. Because when I was growing up, it was never really used as a form of “you”. I only heard four people use this as a kid: Mom, Dad, Grandpa, and Grandma. This is the form you use to address your loved one or spouse. It has that connotation of a married couple, so young couples don’t use it, although they could if they wanted. But if I had to group in either “I” or “you”, it’d be a “you” for sure.
I think that about covers it. Now I know I’m prone to mistakes and oversights, as many people have told me. So if you know someone who knows the language better than me, let me know what they said was wrong. Most of the time, they’re right and I’ll post the corrections. Otherwise, hope this was an informative and helpful lesson on the various forms of “I” and “you”. If you’re looking for and actual grammar point lesson, just let me know via ask box. If you have a question about anything I’ve written here, put it in the ask box also and I’ll try to answer it as fast as I can.
Until next time guys, 안녕~

Useful Korean Phrases

네/아니오 Yes/No

안녕하세요 Hello

미안합니다 I’m sorry

실례합니다 Excuse me

감사합니다 Thank you

도와주세요 Help me

알겠습니다 I understand

모르겠습니다 I don’t understand

기다려주세요 Please wait

누구요? Who?

어디요? Where?

언제요? When?

어떻게해요? How do you do it?

얼마예요? How much is it?

영어 하세요? Do you speak English?

천천히 말씀해주세요 Could you speak slowly?

Giving/Denying/Asking Permission

To ask for permission use a verb + 도 (do*) + 되다 (Doeda*) with a rising intonation :
여기 앉아도 돼요? (YeoGi AnchADo Doeyo*) = Can I sit here? or Am I allowed to sit here?
(여기 = here. 앉아 = sit. 도 돼요 = can I/am I allowed.)

The verb used here was 앉다 (Ancha*) or “to sit”. Since 앉다 uses an아 (A*) vowel, the construction will use 앉아 (AnchA*) instead of 앉어. Also, 되다 (Doeda*) will become 돼요 (Dwaeyo*) when conjugated.

The phrase above was a polite way to ask for permission. You can also ask for permission in an informal way, though I’d be careful to use this with certain people :
이거 먹어도 돼? (IGeo MeokEoDo Dwae?*) = Can I eat this?
(이거 = this. 먹어 = eat. 도 돼 = can I)

The verb used here was 먹다 (MeokDa*) , which has a 어 (Eo*) vowel. Therefore 먹다(MeokDa*) will be conjugated as 먹어 (MeokEo*) rather than 먹아 (MeokA*) . By now, you probably have some intuitive sense that it’s 먹어 and not 먹아, just by the way it sounds. To ask in an informal way, just drop the 다 (A*) .

You can also prohibit people from doing something by using a verb + (으)면 안되다 [(Eu*)Myeon An Doeda*]

Take a look at these two sentences :
(1) 거기 집을 지으면 안 돼요 (GeoGi JibEul JiEuMyeon An Dwaeyo*) = You’re not allowed to build a house there
(거기 = there. 집 = house. 을 = obj. particle. 지 = build. 으면 안 돼요 = not allowed)
(2) 여기 차를 세우면 안돼요 (YeoGi ChaReul SeUMyeon AnDwaeYo*) = You(‘re) can’t/not allowed to park your car here
(여기 = here. 차 = car. 를 = obj. particle. 세우 = park. 면 안돼요 = not allowed/can’t)

The verb used in the first sentence was 짓다 (JitDa*) (to build) and the verb used in the second sentence was 세우다 (SeUDa8) (to park). Since the verb in the first sentence ended in a consonant (when the 다 of the infinitive was dropped), 으면 안 돼요 (EuMyeon An DwaeYo*) was used. However the verb in the second sentence ended in a vowel, which means that just 면 안 돼요 (Myeon An DwaeYo*)was needed. When the verb ends in a consonant, add 으 (Eu*). When it ends in a vowel, 으 (Eu*) is not needed.

HanGeul 한글

Dalam huruf Korea dikenal 6 pokok komponen huruf Korea : 14 konsonan tunggal (자음) , 10 vokal tunggal (모음) , 5 Konsonan rangkap (겹자음) , 11 vokal rangkap (겹모음) , 7 bunyi konsonan akhir (받침) , dan 10 konsonan akhir kompleks (겹받침) .

14 Konsonan tunggal (자음)
Lambang // Nama // cara baca di Awal // Di Tengah atau di Akhir // Di bawah
ㄱ // Gieuk // G atau K // G // K
ㄴ // NiEun // N // N // N
ㄷ // DiGeut // D atau T // D // T
ㄹ // RiEul // R atau L // R // L
ㅁ // MiEum // M // M // M
ㅂ // BiEup // B // B // P atau M
ㅅ // SiOt // S // S // S atau T
ㅇ // IEung // - // - // Ng
ㅈ // JhiEut // Jh (J) // Jh (J) // T
ㅊ // ChiEut // Ch // Ch // T
ㅋ // KhiEuk // Kh’ // Kh’ // K
ㅌ // ThiEut // Th’ // Th’ // T
ㅍ // PhiEup // Ph’ // Ph’ // P
ㅎ // HiEut // H // H // H atau T
Gimana ?? jelas ?? Untuk si IEung kalau di awal dia bakal ikut huruf vocal, kalau gak ada huruf vocalnya gak bisa di baca. Kalau di tengah atau akhir , dalam sejarahnya Hangeul sih gak pernah ada.

10 vokal tunggal (모음)
Lambang // Bunyi
ㅏ // A
ㅜ // U ( oo )
ㅛ // Yo
ㅑ // Ya
ㅕ // Yeo
ㅖ // Ye
ㅗ // O
ㅡ // Eu
ㅠ // Yu ( Yoo )
ㅣ// I ( Yi )
Sudah mulai mengerti ?? Dua di atas itu adalah dasarnya. nah kalau yang di bawah ini cuma sebagai tambahan. Tetap harus di mengerti ya ~

5 Konsonan rangkap (겹자음)
Lambang // Nama // Awal // Tengah // Akhir // Bawah
ㅃ // Ssang BiEup // P (Pp) // P // P // -
ㅆ // Ssang Siot // S (Ss) // S // S // T
ㅉ // Ssang JhiEut // C (JJ) // C // C // -
ㄸ // Ssang DiGeut // Tt (dd) // T // T // -
ㄲ // Ssang Gieuk // K (Kk) // K // K
Bingung ? Nanti kalau udah ada contohnya pasti gak binggung lagi kok

11 vokal rangkap (겹모음)
Lambang // Bunyi
ㅐ// Ae
ㅒ// Yae
ㅔ// E
ㅖ// Ye
ㅘ // Wa
ㅙ // Wae
ㅞ // We
ㅝ // Wo
ㅚ // Oe
ㅟ // Wi
ㅢ // Ui
Sama kayak vokal tunggal (모음) , huruf yang diatas tadi baru bisa di baca Ae kalau ada si IEung ㅇ , jadi tulisannya 애 dibaca Ae , begitu juga seterusnya. Tapi kalau kamu mau nulis kata Dwae : ㄷ + ㅙ = 돼 . Si DiGeut ㄷ bisa di ganti huruf Konsonan rangkap atau huruf Konsonan tunggal. Jadi bebas nggak tergantung si IEung ㅇ aja.

7 bunyi konsonan akhir (받침)
Bunyi // Lambang
K // ᄀ , ᄏ , ᄁ
N // ᄂ L // ᄅ T // ᄉ, ᄊ , ᄃ , ᄐ , ᄌ , ᄎ , ᄒ
M // ᄆ
P // ᄇ , ᄑ
Ng // ㅇ

Contoh :
Batchim K
Gajok : 가족 = Keluarga
BuEok’ : 부엌 = Dapur
Bak : 밖 = Luar

Batchim N
ChinGu : 친구 = Teman
Sinmun : 신문= Koran

Batchim L
Mul : 물 = Air

Batchim T
Nat : 낫 = Siang
Kot : 꽃 = Bunga
Neutda : 늦다 = Terlambat
jotda : 좋다 = Suka , seperti ( Like )

Batchim M
MaEum : 마음 = Hati (Perasaan)

Batchim P
Yeop : 옆 = Samping

Batchim Ng
Sajangnim : 사장님 = Direktur
SimJang : 심장 = Hati

Konsonan akhir kompleks (겹받침)

konsonan akhir kompleks (겹받침) , terdiri dari dua huruf konsonan yang ditempatkan di bawah konsonan hidup. Akan tetapi hanya satu huruf konsonan saja yang dibaca.
• ᆰ yang di baca ㄱ
Contohnya : 빍 di bacanya 빅
• ᆬ yang di baca ᄂ
Contohnya : 빉 di bacanya 빈
• ᆭ yang di baca ᄂ
Contohnya : 빊 di bacanya 빈
• ᆹ yang di baca ᄇ
Contonya : 빖 di bacanya 빕
• ᆲ yang di baca ᄅ
Contohnya : 빏 di bacanya 빌
• ᆱ yang di baca ᄆ
Contohnya : 빎 di bacanya 빔
• ᆶ yang di baca ᄅ
Contohnya : 빓 di bacanya 빌
• ᆴ yang di baca ᄅ
Contohnya : 빑 di bacanya 빌
• ᆳ yang di baca ᄅ
Contohnya : 빐 di bacanya 빌
• ᆪ yang di baca ᄀ
Contohnya : 빣 yang di bacanya 빡